Abstrakt: | The above thesis takes into consideration the problem of Kantian and post-Kantian
philosophies with a view to theirs history and the already existing relations that hold
between them. The philosophy of Kant is a challenge not only to the present-day
thinkers and scholars but also in general to every post-Kantian philosophy. The author
is particularly interested in the relation that holds between Kant and neo-Kantianism.
Neo-Kantianism was a crucial, significant and meaningful stream of philosophical
thinking not only at the end of 19th century but also at the beginning of 20th century.
It was influential but strongly differentiated. Therefore, the above thesis has to be
limited only to two circles of neo-Kantian thought: Badenaean and Marburgian
schools.
In the first part (The problem of metaphysics in the philosophy of Kant and in
neo-Kantianism} the author tried to present the philosophy of Kant in relation to
contemporary philosophical constructions — it means in relation to philosophy of
Martin Heidegger and Nicolai Hartmann. This fact is important just enough to
mention that despite of all differences in their ontologies, Hartmann and Heidegger
were to continue the philosophy of Kant. They emphasise the metaphysical character of
Kantian philosophy. Thus, the aim of the author is to present metaphysical interpretations
of Kantian way of thinking. The metaphysical interpretation of Kantian
philosophy focuses on differences between the classical philosophy and the philosophy
of Kant himself. But such interpretation and perception of Kantian thought requires
the presentation of Kant’s attitude towards history. Thus, it is worth mentioning here
that such philosophies as the philosophy of Leibniz and Wolff were of great importance
for the thought of Kant. But first of all, while reasoning the above things from the
perspective of the „now” one should present the attitude of Kant to neo-Thomism. The
importance of neo-Thomism in the above interpretation results from the fact that the
comparison of modem philosophy (both Kantian and phenomenological) with neo-
Thomism plays the vital role in understanding of ontology and metaphysics.
The second part (Transcendentalism in Kantian and neo-Kantian philosophy} deals
with transcendentalism. The whole thorough study is composed of two parts: historical
and methodical. In the first one, the author presented the history of neo-Kantianism. In
the second one, he tried to reconstruct the crucial elements of neo-Kantianism in
Badenaean and Marburgian philosophical schools. First of all, in this part, there were presented main problems, which neo-Kantianism was dealing with. The real issue of all
considerations presented in that part, which are related to analyses of Kantian and
neo-Kantian streams of thinking, is in the fact that the being analysed neo-Kantianism
presents different from Kant himself, description and solution of the problem. But
despite of that, the author tried to follow relations and connections, which held between
Kant’s philosophy and Heidegger’s and Hartmann’s thoughts. All interior differences,
which are in fact justified, in the neo-Kantian system, and which are related to Kantian
way of thinking, in philosophy of Heidegger and Hartmann are under the influence of
the phenomenology. And just there, in the philosophy of Heidegger and Hartmann
there is the topicality, not only of Kantian but also of neo-Kantian philosophy. |