Kant a neokantyzm badeński i marburski

Abstract

The above thesis takes into consideration the problem of Kantian and post-Kantian philosophies with a view to theirs history and the already existing relations that hold between them. The philosophy of Kant is a challenge not only to the present-day thinkers and scholars but also in general to every post-Kantian philosophy. The author is particularly interested in the relation that holds between Kant and neo-Kantianism. Neo-Kantianism was a crucial, significant and meaningful stream of philosophical thinking not only at the end of 19th century but also at the beginning of 20th century. It was influential but strongly differentiated. Therefore, the above thesis has to be limited only to two circles of neo-Kantian thought: Badenaean and Marburgian schools. In the first part (The problem of metaphysics in the philosophy of Kant and in neo-Kantianism} the author tried to present the philosophy of Kant in relation to contemporary philosophical constructions — it means in relation to philosophy of Martin Heidegger and Nicolai Hartmann. This fact is important just enough to mention that despite of all differences in their ontologies, Hartmann and Heidegger were to continue the philosophy of Kant. They emphasise the metaphysical character of Kantian philosophy. Thus, the aim of the author is to present metaphysical interpretations of Kantian way of thinking. The metaphysical interpretation of Kantian philosophy focuses on differences between the classical philosophy and the philosophy of Kant himself. But such interpretation and perception of Kantian thought requires the presentation of Kant’s attitude towards history. Thus, it is worth mentioning here that such philosophies as the philosophy of Leibniz and Wolff were of great importance for the thought of Kant. But first of all, while reasoning the above things from the perspective of the „now” one should present the attitude of Kant to neo-Thomism. The importance of neo-Thomism in the above interpretation results from the fact that the comparison of modem philosophy (both Kantian and phenomenological) with neo- Thomism plays the vital role in understanding of ontology and metaphysics. The second part (Transcendentalism in Kantian and neo-Kantian philosophy} deals with transcendentalism. The whole thorough study is composed of two parts: historical and methodical. In the first one, the author presented the history of neo-Kantianism. In the second one, he tried to reconstruct the crucial elements of neo-Kantianism in Badenaean and Marburgian philosophical schools. First of all, in this part, there were presented main problems, which neo-Kantianism was dealing with. The real issue of all considerations presented in that part, which are related to analyses of Kantian and neo-Kantian streams of thinking, is in the fact that the being analysed neo-Kantianism presents different from Kant himself, description and solution of the problem. But despite of that, the author tried to follow relations and connections, which held between Kant’s philosophy and Heidegger’s and Hartmann’s thoughts. All interior differences, which are in fact justified, in the neo-Kantian system, and which are related to Kantian way of thinking, in philosophy of Heidegger and Hartmann are under the influence of the phenomenology. And just there, in the philosophy of Heidegger and Hartmann there is the topicality, not only of Kantian but also of neo-Kantian philosophy.