Synthesis, Spectroscopy, Light Stability, Single-Crystal Analysis, and In Vitro Cytotoxic Activity on HepG2 Liver Cancer of Two Novel Silver(I) Complexes of Miconazole

Abstract

Two novel silver(I) complexes of the biologically active ligand miconazole in the form of Ag(MCZ)2X (MCZ = 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]-1H-imidazole]; X = NO3 􀀀 (1), ClO4 􀀀 (2)) were synthesized and fully characterized. The complexes were obtained by reactions of Ag(I) salts with miconazole (MCZ). Silver(I) complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, 1H-NMR and infrared (IR) spectroscopy, electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS spectrometry, and X-ray-crystallography. This work also presents a cytotoxicity study of the silver(I) complexes of miconazole and appropriate silver(I) salts using Balb/c 3T3 and HepG2 cell lines. The cytotoxicity of the compounds was assessed based on four biochemical endpoints: lysosomal activity (neutral red uptake (NRU) assay), mitochondrial activity (3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay), total protein content (TPC assay), and cellular membrane integrity (lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay). The cancer HepG2 cells were more sensitive to the complexes tested, and the most a ected endpoint was cellular membrane damage compared to Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts. Moreover, study complexes inhibited the growth of cancer cells at submicromolecular concentrations (0.26–0.47 M) lower than that required for the anticancer agent, cisplatin, in MTT, NRU, and TPC assays. Both complexes were characterized by higher toxicity to human cancer cells (HepG2) than silver(I) salts and the free ligand. Combination of Ag(I) salts with miconazole is associated with the marked improvement of cytotoxic activities that can be considered as the significant point in the construction of a new generation of antineoplastic agents.