Abstrakt: | The goal of this work is to analyse vegetation
changes during the Mazovian Interglacial and the older
part of Liviecian Glaciation in the western and central
parts of Polish Uplands (Figs 1—6). The investigation
has been based on results of pollen analysis (Tab.
8—12, Figs 7—18) and examination of macroscopic remains
of plants (Tab. 15—21, Figs 28—36) from six
sites (Konieczki, Raków, Malice, Wielki Bór, Katowice
and Białe Ługi) as well as additional results from archival
sites prepared by other authors. Pollen successions
in new sites represent all basic features, which were
characteristic for the succession of the Mazovian Interglacial,
the typical order of pollen culmination of particular
trees, occurrence of yew (Taxus), interglacial increase
in pine (Pinus sylvestris t.) values, coexistence of
high values of hornbeam (Carpinus) and fir (Abies) pollen
in the younger part of the interglacial period and occurrence
of marker taxa, such as Pterocarya, Celtis and
Azolla filiculoides.
There have not been found any sediments representing
the end of the San Glaciation 2, preceding the
Mazovian Interglacial. The forest landscape in the oldest
part of the interglacial was homogenous, without any
significant regional variation. A high proportion of
Betula alba t. pollen, in some samples reaching even
93% (Fig. 19), proves there were almost only birch forests
then. Changes in the forest landscape were caused
by expansion of pine (Pinus sylvestris t.) and later of
spruce (Picea abies) and alder (Alnus). Further expansion
of yew (Taxus) caused great changes in the upland
forest landscapes, which were dominated by yew communities
(maximum pollen proportion 62% in
Konieczki, 53% in Malice, 52% in Raków and 46% in
Wielki Bór, Figs 20, 21, 37). Later, the upland area became
dominated by pine and birch communities, which
was the result of cool climatic oscillation. Increase of
importance of hornbeam and fir initiated further
changes in the forest communities. At the end of the
interglacial, importance of pine increased again and
thermophilous trees retreated from the upland areas
(Figs 24, 25). Changes of vegetation, which occurred due to climate
worsening, have been recorded in sediments from
all the sites. The succession of pollen was the most
complete in the older part of the Liviecian Glaciation in
the Wielki Bór profile (WB1 and WB2), where three
cold and two warm oscillations of the climate, as stadial
and interstadial, have been registered and in Raków (R1)
site, two stadial and two interstadial ones have been
found. The other sites (Konieczki, Malice 3, Katowice 1
and Białe Ługi 1, 2, 3 and 4 profiles) represent the fragment
of the I stadial only (Figs 26, 27).
Organic sediments in the older part of the Mazovian
Interglacial are most frequently represented by alternative
strata of silt and gyttja (Tab. 1—5) and they do not
contain macroscopic plant remains. The remains appeared
in larger amount starting from the III period
sediments (Wielki Bór 1, Konieczki and Katowice 1) or
the IV pollen period (Malice 3). Contents of the macroscopic
plant remains, variety of green algae of the
Pediastrum genus, and spore-pollen data emphasise significant
changes of trophism in several lakes. Occurrence
of Isoëtes lacustris spores (micro- and
macrospores) in sediments in Białe Ługi (Fig. 35)
proves oligotrophic conditions, which existed in the lake
in the oldest and the youngest part of the Mazovian
Interglacial and the oldest part of the Liviecian Glaciation.
Occurrence of Isoëtes rugosa (micro- and
macrospores) in sediments in Wielki Bór (Fig. 31) can
be also correlated with the glaciation. Appearance of
Aracites interglacialis seeds, the species characteristic
for the interglacial, which has been determined in the
sediments in Białe Ługi, seems to be quite significant.
Similar course of pollen curves of the main taxa in
the profiles of the upland areas have enabled to correlate
most of the local pollen zones (L PAZ) with the regional
pollen zones (R PAZ) after KRUPIŃSKI (1995 a,
2000) (Tab. 22). Pollen successions from the uplands
have been compared with the successions from the
Podlasie region, as it is the only area in Poland with
a large number of sites of modern palynological studies
and a dense net of profile sampling. Increase in the val-ues of Betula and Pinus pollen in the younger part of
Alnus-Pices-Fraxinus zone (II pollen period, Fig. 20), is
a local feature characteristic for the pollen successions
in the sites in the Woźniki-Wieluń Upland (Konieczki,
Raków, Malice and Wielki Bór). It was probably caused
by drying of some of the habitats due to hydrological
changes.
Very high proportion of Carpinus pollen (39% and
49%), observed in Białe Ługi (BŁ1 and BŁ4) and
Zakrucze profiles (Fig. 23), not recorded in any other
sites of the Mazovian Interglacial, is an unexpected feature.
Expansion of the tree probably occurred in the
same time as the increase of pine importance in the
Woźniki-Wieluń Upland (Pinus-Picea-Carpinus or
Pinus-Carpinus zone, Fig. 22), which occurred in the
beginning of the interglacial climatic oscillation, resulting
from stronger influence of the continental climate.
Climatic and vegetation changes during the interglacial
climatic oscillation were probably stronger than it
has been assumed so far. The period of the most substantial
changes can be correlated with the Betula-Pinus
zone, which has been determined so far only in
Ossówka (KRUPIŃSKI, 1995 a), Woskrzenice (BIŃKA,
NITYCHORUK, 1995) and Konieczki (NITA, 1996, 1999).
Increase in the values of Betula and Pinus pollen and
concurrent, quite drastic decrease in the pollen proportion
of thermophilous trees of Betula-Pinus zone in
Raków and Białe Ługi profiles (Fig. 36), proves that
similar changes in the profiles from Konieczki and
Podlasie region were not incidental and did not have
a local character. Birch and pine forests expanded in
most of the area of Poland and thermophilous trees almost
completely retreated in that time. Only spruce
(Picea abies) and alder (Alnus) among the trees, which
had been previously dominating, remained in the forest
landscape.
Climatic optimum of the Mazovian Interglacial was
a relatively long time period. Warm and humid climate
already lasted during the expansion of yew (Taxus-Alnus
zone) and later during the development of communities
with hornbeam and fir (III pollen period according to
JANCZYK-KOPIKOWA, 1991). Quite possibly, the contemporary
average temperatures of July were slightly higher
than during the yew zone, however the period was not
stable as far as the climate was concerned. It is possible
to agree with KRUPIŃSKI (1995 a, 2000), that the climatic
optimum covered a relatively long time period from the
expansion of yew till the development of communities
with hornbeam and fir.
Modern climates in the western part of Polish Uplands
and Podlasie region vary much more significantly
than in the Mazovian Interglacial. Influence of the oceanic
climate reached further to the east than today. Differences
in the pollen successions in both of the areas
have been caused mainly by local factors such as: soils,
hydrological conditions or microclimates. Low and very
low pollen proportion of Carpinus and very high values
of Abies, found in the younger part of the III pollen periods
in the upland profiles (Figs 22, 23) might prove
slightly longer influence of the oceanic climate than in
the Podlasie region. However, even in that case influence
of local factors cannot be omitted. Fir (Abies alba),
as a „mountain” species, could have found more favouring
expansion conditions in the upland. |