Rodzaj żywotny / osobowy : dzieli czy łączy języki? : analiza kontrastywna wybranych języków słowiańskich i romańskich na przykładzie rzeczownika

Abstract

In this article we propose to analyse the different grammatical realizations of gender [+anim /-anim] of the following selected languages: Polish, Spanish, Catalan, Bulgarian and Latin. In the first two there is a distinction between [+anim] and [-anim]. In the others there is none. In Polish the neutralization of the opposition genetive / accusative marks this distinction beetween masculine substantives. In Spanish we find this distinction in the opposition a/ 0 in the morphological form of complemento directo. Further more in the first two languages we observe a tendency to amplify the morphological marker of [+anim]. In Catalan the same structure complement directe does not make any distinc­tion between [+anim] and [-anim]. The grammatical rules only allow the marker of [+anim)[-anim] only in the OVS word order. There are however some interesting cases observed in the SVO word order. In Bulgarian and in Latin there is no distinction between [+anim] and [-anim]. But in Latin, even though the distinction [+/-anim] has no grammatical realiza­tion, we have observed some very interesting paralel between Polish and Latin: in both languages the neutralization within the case paradigme can serve as marker of the gender.