Wychowanie, oświata powszechna i kształcenie uniwersyteckie jako źródła polskiej niepodległości : pedagogiczno-patriotyczne idee i działania Kazimierza Twardowskiego

Abstract

Considering Polish thought and pedagogical activity in the years 1863-1914/1918 in terms of a relationship between education and aspirations to independence, as one of the important research issues should be recognized thought and pedagogical activity of Kazimierz Twardowski (b. 1866. in Vienna, d. 1938 in Lviv). He created a philosophical-logical Lvov-Warsaw School, which along with research - also scientific work in the field of pedagogy - was practiced reliable education and was considered its implications. About educational values of Kazimierz Twardowski's achievements was convinced, among others, Tadeusz Kotarbinski. In 1965 he characterized legacy of his master: "The effort of Twardowski's thought was (…) coupled with concern about its bright and clear termination, the task of thinker was connected with the task of teacher. By own example the professor taught how to think, how to with others co-think, co-inquire, (…) he just taught how to work". Twardowski was involved in the organization of Polish general education: he chaired a committee of the General Academic Lectures, the Girls' Middle School Society, the Society of Teachers of Higher Education. Among the general lectures that led Twardowski, it is worth paying attention to his lecture "Upbringing and humanities", that inaugurated Holiday University Courses in Cieszyn, organized by the Polish Association of Pedagogy in the Duchy of Cieszyn (15-30 August 1904). It was also preserved interesting correspondence of Twardowski with associations operating in Cieszyn. In the pedagogical activity of Twardowski there are clearly present civic and patriotic trains. He attached great importance to the fulfillment of obligations towards the origin country, what he also expressed in public speeches, aimed at the formation of citizenship and patriotism.