Pressure dependence of the crystallization rate for the S-enantiomer and a racemic mixture of ibuprofen

Abstract

This paper examines the pressure effect on the crystallization rate of the pharmaceutically active enantiomerically pure S-enantiomer and the racemic mixture of the well-known drug ibuprofen. Performed experimental studies revealed that at ambient pressure S-ibuprofen crystallizes faster than the racemic mixture. When the pressure increases, the crystallization rate slows down for both systems, but interestingly it is more apparent in the case of the S-enantiomer. It is found that this experimentally observed trend can be understood based on the predictions of the classical nucleation theory. We suggest that the solid−liquid interfacial free energy is the main reason for the observed variations in S- and RS-ibuprofen’s stability behaviors. Employing a special method of computational studies, i.e., the capillary fluctuation method, we show that the increase in pressure affects the solid−liquid interfacial free energy for S- and RS-ibuprofen in an entirely different way. Importantly, the detected differences correspond to the experimentally observed variations in the overall crystallization rates.